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Jewish Futurism is used in three different contexts: religious, artistic and futures studies (foresight, futurology etc.) == Religious context == Jewish Futurism is encapsulated in the expectation of the messiah in the future rather than "recognizing him in the presence of Christ".〔Körtner U. H. J. ''The End of the World: a Theological Interpretation'', 1995, John Knox Press, Louisville Kentucky, p. 41〕 This expectation ingratiated itself into certain aspects of Christian theology over the years – the concept of the Second Coming of Christ is a reflection of this. Jewish Futurism is inherent in the prophetic tradition. For the prophets the future is an "open field of human hope and responsibility.... the future () not predetermined ... human beings shape it". According to the Protestant theologian Harvey Cox "Prophecy insists that the future will be shaped not by ... irresistible inherent tendencies but by what men decide to do...."〔Cornish E., ''The Study of the Future'', 1977, World Future Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 53–54〕 Under the influence of American optimism and the American Dream (that every human being has within him the power to imagine and realize their dreams) American Calvinism evolved from predestination to Finney's volitional salvation (the ability to choose to be saved). American Reform Judaism in the 19th century advocation for a better future as a consequence of human effort is a reflection of this Jewish prophetic tradition. The heredity of the various social reform Christian movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in America and Europe is also found within the Jewish prophetic tradition. Traditional Jewish belief sees the human being as being a partner with God in the ongoing act of creation (i.e. of constantly creating the future). The Messiah will not come because God sends him unconditionally but will be sent when every Jew in the world behaves properly (of his or her own volition). Individual and societal predestination is anathema to Judaism, as is vicarious salvation. This view was secularized in the Enlightenment's Idea of Progress – that human beings by their own reason and effort can create a better future for themselves. It is the foundational philosophy of Zionism (a development of the late Enlightenment), which called on the Jews to arise and create their own alternative future by their own effort. It also is the foundation of modern future studies. (see Modern Jewish Futurism below) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Futurism (Judaism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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